The cost divide: Why veterinary medicinal products for dogs and cats in the EU cost more than their human equivalents

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the European Union (EU) pricing policies for veterinary medicinal products (VMPs), focusing on the comparative costs of human and pet veterinary formulations of common medications. It examines market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and structural factors that influence price disparities, drawing on case studies from Italy, France, and Germany. The analysis highlights the role of Regulation (EU) 2019/6, the evolution of the EU VMP market, and the specific economic and regulatory conditions that allow for significant price differences despite identical active ingredients. Using comparative data on furosemide, amoxicillin, benazepril, and prednisone, the paper identifies how lack of public price negotiation, high VAT rates, concentrated market structure, and limitations in pet insurance coverage contribute to affordability challenges. The findings provide policy-relevant insights into how the EU could better align VMP pricing with principles of accessibility, sustainability, and innovation.