Spatiotemporal association between monthly PM2.5 levels and cardiorespiratory mortality in Thailand (2015–2019)

This study examines the spatiotemporal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiorespiratory mortality across Thailand from 2015 to 2019, addressing a critical research gap in geographical coverage. Analysis of satellite-based PM2.5 data revealed significant correlations between monthly PM2.5 levels and cardiorespiratory mortality, with stronger effects observed in the central and northern provinces. The association was most pronounced during the dry season (November to April), showing a 6% increase in mortality compared to other months. Areas with monthly PM2.5 levels of 30.1–37.5 μg/m³ and above 37.5 μg/m³ were associated with mortality increases of 3% (95% CI: 1%–5%) and 5% (95% CI: 3%–7%), respectively, relative to the overall mean, while levels below 20 μg/m³ corresponded to a 4% (95% CI: 3%–6%) reduction. These findings underscore the need for region-specific monthly PM2.5 guidelines to mitigate health risks, particularly during high-pollution periods and in vulnerable regions.