Eosinophilic Meningitis (Angiostrongylus spp. and Gnathostoma spp.)

Purpose of Review: In this review, we provide updated information of two rare but potentially devastating nematode infections. Both pathogens are an important cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. Transmission occurs by ingestion of third-stage larvae in raw or undercooked intermediate or paratenic hosts. Recent Findings: Neuroangiostrongyliasis and gnathostomiasis are two neglected and re-emerging helminthic conditions that are no longer restricted to what has been considered historically endemic areas. A high index of suspicion is the first and most valuable step when assessing a patient with a clinical presentation suggestive of these infections given the prognostic and therapeutic implications. Summary: Neuroangiostrongyliasis and gnathostomiasis are two preventable food-borne zoonotic infections with an expanding geographic range. Further research to better define the morbidity, mortality, and influence of these parasites in new geographic regions is urgently needed. Control measures should be geared at public health education of the disease and its life cycle.