Enhanced Transduction of Macaca fascicularis Hematopoietic Cells with Chimeric Lentiviral Vectors

Recent marketing approval for genetically engineered hematopoietic stem and T cells bears witness to the substantial improvements in lentiviral vectors over the last two decades, but evaluations of the long-term efficacy and toxicity of gene and cell therapy products will, nevertheless, require further studies in nonhuman primate models. Macaca fascicularis monkeys from Mauritius have a low genetic diversity and are particularly useful for reproducible drug testing. In particular, they have a genetically homogeneous class I major histocompatibility complex system that probably mitigates the variability of the response to simian immunodeficiency virus infection. However, the transduction of simian cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-derived vectors is inefficient due to capsid-specific restriction factors, such as the tripartite motif-containing protein tripartite motif 5α, which prevent infection with non-host-adapted retroviruses. This study introduced the modified capsid of the macaque-trophic HIV-1 clone MN4/LSQD into the packaging system and compared transduction efficiencies between hematopoietic cells transduced with this construct and cells transduced with HIV-1 NL4-3-derived packaging constructs. Capsid modification increased transduction efficiency in all hematopoietic cells tested (by factors of up to 10), including hematopoietic progenitor cells, repopulating cells, and T cells from Mauritian Macaca fascicularis, regardless of vector structure or purification method. The study also established culture conditions similar to those used in clinical practice for the efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor CD34⁺ cells. These results suggest that the procedure is suitable for use in Mauritian Macaca fascicularis, which can therefore be used as a model in preclinical studies for hematopoietic gene and cell therapy.