Applications of artificial intelligence in the dairy Industry: From farm to product development

The dairy industry faces increasing demand for enhanced productivity, sustainability, and innovation. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool capable of addressing these challenges by enabling data-driven decision-making across the dairy supply chain. AI integrates machine learning (ML), big data analytics (DA), and predictive algorithms (PA) to optimize processes, improve efficiency, and foster innovation. This review examines the diverse applications of AI in the dairy industry, including dairy farming, processing, and product development. In this context, an overview of AI, including ML, DA, and various algorithms used in these processes, is discussed. A major discussion has been provided on AI for animal performance (e.g., disease detection, reproductive management, milk yield enhancement, nutrition) and sustainable practices (e.g., emission control, precision farming). Furthermore, AI in dairy processing (quality control and process optimization) and product development (flavor and texture prediction, and customized products) has been developed. Finally, the challenges of AI integration, including data privacy, ethical considerations, and technical barriers, are reported. The findings indicate that AI revolutionizes traditional practices by enabling precise farming, energy-efficient processing, and the creation of customized, high-quality products. Despite its transformative potential, challenges, such as ethical concerns and technological limitations, must be addressed.