A systematic review of selected food-borne helminthiases in Southeast Asia with emphasis on anthelminthic treatment regimens

Food-borne helminth infections impose a substantial public health burden worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Environmental, socioeconomic, behavioral, and cultural factors all favor sustained transmission of food-borne helminths, especially in Southeast Asia (SEA). To provide an updated overview of the distribution, prevalence, and treatment regimens for six important food-borne helminths ( Opisthorchis viverrini , Fasciola spp., Taenia spp., Angiostrongylus spp., Gnathostoma spinigerum , and Trichinella spp.) in SEA, a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Anthelminthic drug treatment regimens based on the extracted studies were compared with those recommended by internationally recognized organizations. Of the 11 SEA countries, the highest proportion of peer-reviewed articles (47.2%) originated from Thailand, followed by Lao PDR (20.2%). All six helminths were reported in Vietnam, while five were found in Thailand. Meta-analyses were conducted for O. viverrini , taeniasis, and cysticercosis, as these had the greatest number of articles, and the overall pooled prevalences were 22.2%, 3.4%, and 4.7%, respectively. The country with the highest prevalence for O. viverrini infection and taeniasis was Lao PDR, with a prevalence of 43.2% and 3.6%, respectively. Drug treatment regimens reported in studies from SEA are in line with relevant international recommendations. However, the continued presence of food-borne helminthiases suggests sustained transmission despite appropriate treatment regimens. Moreover, the uneven distribution of studies across SEA reflects differences in research emphasis and diagnostic capabilities, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance and coordinated efforts, especially in underrepresented countries. A One Health approach and regional collaborations will be critical for reducing the burden of food-borne helminthiases.