A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of primary cryptococcal meningitis prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients with severe immune deficiency

Objectives. To assess the efficacy and survival benefit of low-dose fluconazole (400 mg weekly) for primary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with advanced HIV infection. Methods. A prospective multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts < 100 cells/μL. Results. Of 90 patients enrolled, 44 received fluconazole and 46 received placebo. The baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. On an intent-to-treat basis, 10 cases of cryptococcal meningitis developed, three (6.8%) in the fluconazole group and seven (15.2%) in the placebo group. Patients in the placebo group were more likely to develop cryptococcal meningitis than those in the fluconazole group [hazard ratio = 2.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-8.63; P = 0.245]. The survival benefit of fluconazole was greater than that of the placebo. The number of deaths per 10 000 person-days was 2.7 for the fluconazole group (2/7342) and 11.7 for the placebo group (9/7713) (rate difference = 9; 95% CI: 0.4-17.5; P = 0.046). Based on survival analysis, patients in the placebo group were 4.3 times more likely to die than those in the fluconazole group (95% CI: 0.9-19.8; P = 0.065). Conclusion. Fluconazole 400 mg once weekly for primary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis in Thailand should be considered in HIV-infected patients, as our study suggested a survival benefit. However, a larger study should be conducted to confirm our findings.